Introduction to International Organizations

Course code:                  IRS 101

Term and year:               Fall 2025

Day and time:                 Tuesday 08:00-10:45

Instructor:                     PhDr. Ing. Radka Havlová, Ph.D.

Instructor contact:         radka.havlova@aauni.edu

Consultation hours:        Tuesday 14-15

 

Credits US/ECTS	3/6	Level	Introductory
Length	15 weeks	Pre-requisite	None
Contact hours	42 hours	Course type	Bachelor

1.    Course Description

The world faces increasingly complex global problems including ongoing armed conflicts, humanitarian crises, economic inequality and instability. The aim of this course is to explore the different ways of preventing and solving such problems through world order mechanisms. These include a system for controlling world events that aims to install political and economic stability and social justice; prospective world government, regional integration and the expansion of international norms and institutions such as the UN, EU, World Bank, IMF, NATO, etc. The course aims to introduce students to the main international actors and explains their interaction and impact on the field of (international?) security, trade, development, monetary and environmental issues and human rights. The course combines conceptual analysis with case studies and real-world examples in order to facilitate the understanding of the potential, limits and effects of international organizations on global development.

2.    Student Learning Outcomes

Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:

·           Understand the history and theory of formation and functioning of international organizations;

·           Understand the workings and decision-making mechanisms of major intergovernmental and non/governmental organizations;

·           Analyze activities and legal acts of international organizations in different fields including security, trade, development, environment, and human rights;

·           Think critically and to provide possible solutions to  present problems connected to the work of international organizations;

·           Evaluate the effectiveness of different international organizations and to assess their impact in international relations;

·           Discuss the possibilities of further development of international organizations in the context of globalization.

 

 

3.    Reading Material

Required Materials

·         Blessing, Jason, Katherine K. Elgin and Nele M. Ewers-Peters (2021). NATO 2030: Towards a New Strategic Concept and Beyond, John Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies

·           Gutner, Tamar (2024). International Organizations in World Politics. 2^nd edition, Los Angeles: Sage

·           Hurd, Ian (2024). International Organizations: Politics, Law, Practice. 5^th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

·           Karns, Margaret (2023). International Organizations: The Politics and Processes of Global Governance. 4th ed. Boulder; London: Lynne Rienner

·           Lopez-Claros, Augusto, Arthur Dahl and Maja Groff (2020). Global Governance and the Emergence of Global Institutions for the 21st Century, Cambridge University Press

·           Nye, J. (1074). Multinational Corporations in World Politics, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 153.175

·           Palmer, D. (2019). NATO´s post-Cold War “out-of-area” pivot (1990-2014), NATO Defense College

·           Pease, Kely-Kate S. (2015). International Organizations: Perspectives on Governance in the Twenty-First Century. 5th ed. New York: Longman

 

Recommended Materials

·           Acharya A. (2021). ASEAN and Regional Order: Revisiting Security Community in Southeast Asia. Routledge

·           African Union, www.au.int

·           Aguilar, C. (2013). Organization of American States. Instituto Affari Internazionali

·           Ani, K. and V. Ojakorotu (2017). Pan-Africanism, African Union and the Challenge of Transformative Development in Africa, Journal of African Union Studies, Vol. 6., No. 1, pp. 5-23

·           Archer (2014). International Organizations, Routledge

·           ASEAN, www.asean.org

·           Barkin, J. (2013). International Organization: Theories and Institutions, Palgrave Macmillan

·           Beck M. (2015). The End of Regional Middle Eastern Exceptionalism? The Arab League and the Gulf Cooperation Council after the Arab Uprisings, Democracy and Security, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 190-207

·           Bennett, A.L. (1988). International Organizations. Principles and Issues, 4^th ed.

·           Berger, L. (2014). The Gulf Cooperation Council between Unity and Discord towards the Arab Uprisings, Sicherheit und Frieden, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 260-264

·           Bomberg, A. (2005). Green Parties and Politics in the European Union, Routledge

·           Charnovitz, S. (2006). Nongovernmental Organizations and International Law,Vol. 100, No. 2, pp. 348-372

·           Cheok, C. and Y. Chen (2019). Assessing ASEAN´s Relevance, Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 11-24

·           Chesterman, P. (2002). Just War or Just peace? Humanitarian Intervention and International Law, Oxford

·           Chimiak, G. (2014). The Rise and Stall of Non-Governmental Organizations in Development, Polist Sociological Review, No. 185, pp. 25-44

·           Clark, A. M. (1995). Non-Governmental Organizations and their Influence on International Society, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 507-525  

·           Collins and White. International Organizations and the Idea of Autonomy: Institutional Independence in the International Legal Order, Routledge, 2011

·           Dakhlallah, F. (2012). The League of Arab States and Regional Security: Towards an Arab Security Community?, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 392-411

·           Daniska, J. (2018). Visegrad: from intellectual idea to political reality, International Issues and Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, Vol. 27, No. 1-2, pp. 43-53

·           Daßler & Tim Heinkelmann‑Wild (2021): International Authority, Democracies, and Exit from International Organizations—why states withdraw from IOs, available in NEO

·           Diehl and Frederking, International Organizations: Principles and Issues, Prentice Hall 2004

·           Dunay, P. (2006). History and Background of the SCSE/OSCE, European Union Institute for Security Studies

·           European Union, https://european-union.europa.eu/

·           Gardener, E. (1991). The European Free Trade Association and the European Community, The International Lawyer, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 187-207

·           Goel, V. and M. K. Tripathi (2010). The Role of NGOs in the Enforcement of Human Rights: AN Overview, The Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 71, No. 3, pp. 769-793

·           Gwatiwa, T. (2022). The African Union and African Agency in International Politics, Palgrave

·           Harrington, M. (2023). International Organizations and the Law, 2^nd ed., Routledge

·           Hurd, Ian (2024). International Organizations: Politics, Law, Practice. 5^th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

·           Irogbe, K. (2013). Global Political Economy and the Power of Multinational Corporations, Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 223-247

·           Kamp, K. H. (2020). NATO´s coming existential challenge, NATO Defense College

·           Khadduri, M. (1946). The Arab League as a Regional Agreement, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 756-777

·           Klabbers, J. (2012). An Introduction to International Institutional Law, Cambridge University Press

·           Kuhnhardt, L. (2008). European Union - The Second Founding: The Changing Rationale of European Integration, Nomos

·           Lake, Martin & Risse (2021). Challenges to the Liberal Order: Reflections on International Organization

·           Legrenzi, M. and M. Calculli (2013). Regionalism and Regionalization in the Middle East: Options and Challenges, International Peace Institute

·           Lopez-Claros, Augusto, Arthur Dahl and Maja Groff (2020). Global Governance and the Emergence of Global Institutions for the 21st Century, Cambridge University Press

·           Matthews, K. (2005). Renaissance of Pan-Africanism: the African Union, India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 143-155

·           MERCOSUR, www.mercosur.int

·           Mingst, Karen, M. Karns and A. Lyon (2023). The United Nations in the 21^st Century, 6^th ed., Routledge

·           Nagar, D. and F. Nganje (2016). The African Union: Regional and Global Challenges. Center for Conflict Resolution

·           NATO, www.nato.int

·           Organization of American States, www.oas.org

·           OSCE, www.osce.org

·           Peet and Hartwick (2009). Theories of Development: Contentions, Arguments, Alternatives, The Guilford Press

·           Pollaczek, G. (1946). The United Nations and Specialized Agencies, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 592-619

·           Remler, P. (2021). The OSCE as Sysiphus: Mediation, Peace Operations, Human Rights, Instituto Affari Internazionali

·           Rittberger, Zangl and Dijkstra (2019). International Organizationsi, Bloomsbury Academic

·           Rohac, D. (2016). Is New Europe Backsliding?: Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic 25 Years After Communism, American Enterprise Institute

·           Segovia, D. (2013). Latin America and the Carribean: Between the OAS and CELAC, European Review of Latin American and Carribean Studies, No. 95, pp. 97-107

·           Severino, R. (2010). ASEAN and the South China Sea, Security Challenges, Vol. 6., No. 2, pp. 37-47

·           Smith, Rhona (2014). Textbook on International Human Rights. 6^th ed., Oxford University Press

·           Stropford, J. (1999). Multinational Corporations, Foreign Policy, No. 113, pp. 12-24

·           Stroup, S. (2020). NGOs and States in Global Politics: A Brief Review

·           UN Charter

·           UN GA ECOSOC (2024). Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals

·           United Nations, www.un.org  

·           Vervaele, J. (2005). Mercosur and Regional Integration in South America, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 387-409

·           Walsch, C. (2014). Visegrad Four in the European Union. AN efficient regional cooperation scheme?, International Issues and Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, Vol. 23, No. 1-2, pp. 25-41

·           Weiss and Wilkinson (2023). International Organizations and Global Governance, 3^rd ed., Routledge

·           Weiss, Forsyth, Coate, Pease (2016). The United Nations and Changing World Politics, 8th ed., Routledge

·           Woods, Ngaire (2006). The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank, and Their Borrowers. Ithaca: Cornell University Press

·           World Economic Forum (2024). The Global Risks Report 2024, 19^th edition

 

Relevant podcasts related to international organizations:

·           United Nations: United Nations Podcasts - United Nations Western Europe

·           World Bank (Development podcast): International Economic Development | The Development Podcast

·           World Trade Organization: WTO | WTO podcast: Let's Talk Trade

·           European Union: |: Podcasts | |

·           European Journal of International Law: EJIL: The Podcast! – EJIL: Talk!

·           Council of Foreign Relations: Podcasts | Council on Foreign Relations (choose an episode relating to international organizations)

·           Multinational corporations /RSS): Multinational Corporations in the West #074 | Podcast Episode on RSS.com

·           Human Rights Watch: Rights & Wrongs | Human Rights Watch

·           And other relevant podcasts by international governmental or non-governmental organizations of your choice

 

 

 

4.    Teaching methodology

Each class will begin with a class discussion related to the session’s topic. Students will be asked to discuss questions related to the topic in smaller groups and later a class discussion on those questions will be held. Short explanation by the instructor will follow but most of the classes will be taught in form of a seminar in which students will present their research outcomes. The presentation of will be interactive, and the students will be asked to give their opinion on the topic of the presentation. The students are required to read the assigned weekly material prior to each class in order to participate actively in discussions. They also need to follow websites of key international organizations covered in the course and the latest international news concerning them.

 

The classes will be interactive and all concepts and terms will be explained via concrete examples. Each class will be supplemented by case studies of recent international events giving the students an opportunity to critically analyze the concrete actions of international actors and to understand their role in the functioning of international organizations. Students will also participate in a fieldtrip to the UN information center to deepen student knowledge of the UN. A guest lecture to EU will help students to understand the challenges connected with working for an international organization.

 

5.    Course Schedule

Date	Class Agenda
Session 1 2.9.2025	Topic: Major actors in international relations and the position of international organizations in the international system Description: Introduction to the course, explanation and assignment of research projects, introduction to the major actors in international relations and the position of international organizations among other international actors (states, individuals etc.). Reading: Gutner, 5-11, Pease, 1-20. Assignments/deadlines: sign up for presentation via NEO, list of research topic is available in NEO
Session 2 9.9.2025	Topic: Theoretical approaches to international organizations, history of international organizations, globalization Description: Introduction to the main theoretical approaches to the international organizations:  realism, liberalism, feminism, and Marxism. History of international organizations, exploring the link between international organizations and globalization Reading: Karns 43-73, Gutner 13-27, Pease 1-37, Bennett 20-38 Assignments/deadlines: Structure your topics and find literature for your presentations, possibility to consult presentation proposals
16.9.2025	No class
Session 3 19.9.2025	Replacement session Topic: Types of international organizations: international governmental organizations, international non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations and international trade organizations Description: Division of international organizations into governmental and non-governmental, similarities and differences, main areas of interest of each type of international organizations, multinational corporations and international trade organizations, and their role in our contemporary world Reading: Karns 379-424 Assignments/deadlines: Research proposals due via NEO (research topic analysis in 200 words, at least 5 sources for research)
Session 4 23.9.2025	Topic: Global international organizations: United Nations - history, structure Description: Global cooperation before the UN (League of Nations), history of the United Nations, main UN bodies (General Assembly, Security Council, International Court of Justice), their competencies, functions, composition and role in the UN system Reading: Gutner 35-66, Lopez-Claros pp. 81-106, 131-144 Assignments/deadlines: none
Session 5 30.9.2025	Topic: Global international organizations: United Nations – specialized agencies Description: Specialized agencies of the United Nations (WTO, IMF, World Bank, UNESCO and other organizations), their role, achievements and problems in the contemporary world. UN approaches to conflict resolution, the role of the UN Security Council in conflict resolution Reading: Hurd 109-167, Lopez-Claros pp. 293-308, 337-359, UN Charter; www.un.org Assignments/deadlines: Presentation 1 (20 minutes, interactive, submitted three days in advance for inspection, more information on presentations in NEO)
Session 6 7.10.2025	Topic: Global international organizations: United Nations – conflict resolution Description: UN approaches to conflict resolution, the role of the UN Security Council in conflict resolution Reading: Lopez-Claros pp. 145-180 Assignments/deadlines: Critical essay due (800 words, submitted via NEO), Presentation 2
Session 7 14.10.2025	Topic: Global international organizations: United Nations - global challenges  Description: The United Nations role in the contemporary world, the UN approach to contemporary challenges – environmental issues, human rights, migration, etc. Reading: Lopez-Claros pp. 208-235, 236-263, 264-290, 360-378, 379-388, www.un.org Assignments/deadlines: Presentation 3
Session 8 21.10.2025	Mid-term exam Description: Mid-term revision, students must demonstrate their understanding of topics covered in the first half of the semester (Sessions 1 through 7). Mid-term will be in a freeform essay of 800 words, taken in class from 830 till 11, submitted via NEO. Reading: all readings up to now
28.10.2025	Mid-term break No classes
Session 9 4.11.2025	Topic: International security organizations: NATO, OSCE Description: Main international organizations active in the area of security (NATO, OSCE) and their approach to conflict resolution Reading: Karns 169-195, Palmer 1-19, www.nato.int, www.osce.org Assignments/deadlines: Presentation 4

 

 

Session 10 11.11.2025	Topic: European Union – GUEST LECTURE Description: History, structure and activities of the European Union, EU’s approach to conflict resolution, migration, human rights, common foreign and security policy, common market and financial cooperation Reading: Karns 169-195, https://european-union.europa.eu/, Lopez-Claros pp. 65-78 Assignments/deadlines: Presentation 5
Session 11 18.11.2025	Topic: Other regional organizations in Europe Description: Other regional organizations in Europe (V4, EFTA…) and their role in the contemporary world Reading: Karns 169-195 Assignments/deadlines: Presentation 6
Session 12 25.11.2025	Topic: Regional organizations in Africa and the Middle East Description: Main international organizations active in Africa and the Middle East, their approach to development, regional problems and conflict resolution Reading: Karns 195-235; www.au.int Assignments/deadlines: Policy brief due, Presentation 7
Session 13 2.12.2025	Topic: Regional organizations in Asia and America Description: Main international organizations active in Asia and America, their approach to development, regional problems and conflict resolution Reading: Karns 195-235; www.oas.org, www.mercosur.int, www.asean.org Assignments/deadlines: Seminar papers due, Presentation 8
Session 14 9.12.2025	Topic: International organizations and global governance Description: Final discussion of the role of international organizations in the emerging new world order, the role of international organizations in global governance Reading: Lopez-Claros pp. 431-490, Karns 379-424, 573-593 Assignments/deadlines: Reading reflections due, Presentation 9

 

6.    Course Requirements and Assessment (with estimated workloads)

 

Assignment	Workload (hours)	Weight in Final Grade	Evaluated Course Specific Learning Outcomes	Evaluated Institutional Learning Outcomes*
Active class participation	42	10%	·      Regular and active participation ·      Ability to analyze and to effectively discuss the possibilities of further development of int. organizations.	1, 2
Proposal of research presentation	10	5%	·      Ability to analyze the activities and legal acts of selected int. organizations in different fields including security, trade, development, environment, and human rights	1
Critical essay	20	10%	·      Subject knowledge on the history, theory, purpose and activities of major global and regional int. organizations	1
Mid-term exam	20	20%	·      Subject knowledge on history, theory, purpose and activities of major int. organizations	1
Presentation of research project	20	20%	·      Ability to analyze the activities and legal acts of selected int. organizations in different fields including security, trade, development, environment, and human rights ·      Think critically and to provide possible solutions for presented problems; ·      Evaluate the effectiveness of given int. organizations and to assess their impact ·      Present the results of analysis in class	1,2
Seminar paper	28	25%	·      Subject knowledge on the history, theory, purpose and activities of major global and regional int. organizations	1
Reflection- reading	10	10%	·      Critical reflection of two different texts or podcasts related to lecture topics	1
TOTAL	150	100%

*1 = Critical Thinking; 2 = Effective Communication; 3 = Effective and Responsible Action

 

7.    Detailed description of the assignments

 

Class participation

Active participation and contribution to class discussion. Students should actively participate in class discussion. Discussions are an important mechanism for developing critical thinking and presentation skills.

 

Assessed area	Percentage
Knowledge and comprehension of the weekly reading assignments	50%
Critical thinking about the issues explored in the readings	50%

 

Research proposal

Students must submit a research proposal of presentation and seminar paper by Week 3, i.e. by 19 September 2025 23:59 via NEO. The proposal must include the chosen research topic, research question, research structure and at least 5 reliable resources which the students plan to use in their presentation and seminar paper. Research proposals should be 200 words long.

 

Assessment breakdown

Assessed area	Percentage
Timely submission of presentation through NEO	50%
Contents of presentation and seminar paper proposal: research question, structure, at least 5 reliable resources	50%

 

 

Critical essay

Short analytical essay on selected UN or security topic. Students will critically respond to a conceptual or real-world challenge introduced in the first three weeks. The goal is to assess students´ ability to apply theory, construct arguments and use relevant examples or cases. Emphasis on argumentation, use of course concepts, clear structure and use of reliable sources. Students choose one of four critical questions based on the materials covered in weeks 1 to 5. Length 800 words, submitted through NEO by Week 6, i.e. by 7 October 2025 23:59.

 

Assessment breakdown

Assessed area	Percentage
Clear thesis and coherent structure	20%
Depth of critical argumentation, critical thinking	30%
Use of course concepts and terminology	20%
Quality and relevance of examples	20%
Language, grammar, referencing	10%

 

 

Mid-term exam

Mid-term exam will cover the topics from the first half of the semester. Students have demonstrated that they have a good understanding of the most relevant issues and concepts and that they are able to provide swift and correct answers. The mid-term will have a form of a freeform essay of 800 words and will take place online via NEO. Students will choose one of three comprehensive questions covering the topics discussed in the first half of the semester. The mid-term will take place during Week 8, i.e. on 21 October 2025 from 830 till 1100 at AAU. However, students will take the mid-term exam in NEO (online) while sitting in the classroom.

 

Assessment breakdown

Assessed area	Percentage
Ability to correctly evaluate the main purpose of each question	50%
Ability to reflect broader context of each question	20%
Critical thinking	20%
Ability to provide correct answers under the time limit	10%

 

 

Presentation of research project

Students need to select and to sign up for one research project and present the selected topic in class according to the presentation schedule. Presentations will be prepared individually by each student and must be submitted at least three days prior to the presentation day through the NEO for comments before presenting. Presentations can be submitted in PPT or any other suitable presentation program. The presentation shall be 20 to 25 minutes long including the class discussion for which students must always prepare questions related to their research. List of presentations will be published in NEO in week 1 after students sign in for their presentations. Students will be evaluated based on the contents of their presentation (correct, recent information, to analyze main problems and suggest creative solutions; ability to apply and to demonstrate acquired knowledge from the course; ability to link the topic of the presentation to the overall topic of the class; ability to apply a concrete theory to a presented problem; ability to formulate credible claims and evidence) and interaction with other students in class (engagement of students in discussions: continuous contact with students while presenting, clear speech, good intonation and eye contact, positive body language, ability to stress most significant aspects of analyzed topic while presenting, ability to answer questions from audience, ability to engage fellow students in discussions).

 

Assessment breakdown

Assessed area	Percentage
Timely submission of presentation through NEO	5%
Critical thinking	20%
Visual format of presentation	20%
Contents of presentation	30%
Contact with students	20%
Compliance with time limit	5%

 

 

Seminar Paper

Students prepare a seminar paper on the topic of their presentation to understand the analyzed topic in more depth. Seminar papers should be 2000 words long (length without sources, title page, TOC and references to sources; 2000 words should be just the analysis itself) and should fulfill all criteria imposed on an academic paper (formal arrangement of the paper, reference to resources, research question and analysis of the research question etc.). Chicago citation style must be used. At least 10 reliable sources must be used for the seminar paper. Seminar papers will be checked for plagiarism and use of AI, students should present their own critical reflection of the selected research topic. Seminar paper must be submitted via NEO by Week 13, i.e. by 2 December 2025 23:59. Later submissions will be taken into consideration but one point will be taken off from the assessment for each day of delayed submission.

 

Assessment breakdown

Assessed area	Percentage
Formal arrangement of seminar paper	10%
Reference to resources	15%
Language, stylistics	10%
Research question, analysis of research topic	45%
Critical thinking	20%

 

 

Reflection: reading

Students choose any reading or podcast related to the topic of the lecture. Student may submit maximum 2 reflections, each for maximum 5 points. Detailed list of reading is available in NEO. Students may also review other book, article or podcast related to international organizations upon previous agreement with the instructor. Each reflection should be up to 200 words and should provide a critical assessment of the reading or podcast. Reflections should include a brief summary of the reading/podcast (2–3 sentences), one or two key insights you found meaningful or surprising, a short connection to the week’s lecture topic and optionally also a critique, disagreement, or unanswered question. Reflections may be submitted any time between Week 2 and Week 14, however, reflections must be submitted by Week 14, i.e. by 9 December 2025 23:59.

 

Assessment breakdown

Assessed area	Percentage
Personal insight and critical reflection	40%
Connection to course topic	10%
Coherence and clarity	20%
Style and language	10%
Critical thinking	20%

 

8.    General Requirements and School Policies

General requirements

All coursework is governed by AAU’s academic rules. Students are expected to be familiar with the academic rules in the Academic Codex and Student Handbook and to maintain the highest standards of honesty and academic integrity in their work. Please see the AAU intranet for a summary of key policies regarding coursework.

Course specific requirements

There are no special requirements or deviations from AAU policies for this course.

 

Use of Artificial Intelligence and Academic Tutoring Center

The use of artificial intelligence tools to search sources, to process, analyze and summarize data, and to provide suggestions or feedback in order to improve content, structure, or style, defined here as AI-assisted writing, is not in itself plagiarism. However, it is plagiarism if, as a result, it obscures the authorship of the work produced or the degree of its originality (see the examples above). 

 

AAU acknowledges prudent and honest use of AI-assisted writing, that is, the use of AI for orientation, consultation, and practice is allowed. For some courses and assignments, however, the use of AI is counterproductive to learning outcomes; therefore, the course syllabus may prohibit AI assistance.

 

A work (text, image, video, sound, code, etc.) generated by artificial intelligence based on a mass of existing data, defined here as AI-generated work, is not considered a work of authorship. Therefore, if an AI-generated work (e.g. text) is part of the author’s work, it must be marked as AI-generated. Otherwise, it obscures the authorship and/or the degree of originality, and thus constitutes plagiarism. Unless explicitly permitted by the instructor, submission of AI-generated work is prohibited.

 

If unsure about technical aspects of writing, and to improve their academic writing, students are encouraged to consult with the tutors of the AAU Academic Tutoring Center. For more information and/or to book a tutor, please contact the ATC at: http://atc.simplybook.me/sheduler/manage/event/1/.

 

 

9. Grading Scale

Letter Grade	Percentage*	Description
A	95–100	Excellent performance. The student has shown originality and displayed an exceptional grasp of the material and a deep analytical understanding of the subject.
A–	90–94
B+	87–89	Good performance. The student has mastered the material, understands the subject well and has shown some originality of thought and/or considerable effort.
B	83–86
B–	80–82
C+	77–79	Fair performance. The student has acquired an acceptable understanding of the material and essential subject matter of the course, but has not succeeded in translating this understanding into consistently creative or original work.
C	73–76
C–	70–72
D+	65–69	Poor. The student has shown some understanding of the material and subject matter covered during the course. The student’s work, however, has not shown enough effort or understanding to allow for a passing grade in School Required Courses. It does qualify as a passing mark for the General College Courses and Electives.
D	60–64
F	0–59	Fail. The student has not succeeded in mastering the subject matter covered in the course.

* Decimals should be rounded to the nearest whole number.

 

Prepared by: Radka Havlová

Date: 10.8.2025

 

Approved by: Dr William Eddleston, Chair of IR.

Date: 22/8/25